引论：我们为您整理了13篇英语本科毕业论文范文，供您借鉴以丰富您的创作。它们是您写作时的宝贵资源，期望它们能够激发您的创作灵感，让您的文章更具深度。
篇1
Firstandforemost，Iwanttoextendmyheartfeltgratitudetomysupervisor，ProfessorCaoDaogen，whosepatientguidance，valuablesuggestionsandconstantencouragementmakemesuccessfullycompletethisthesis.Hisconscientiousacademicspiritandmodest，open-mindedpersonalityinspiremebothinacademicstudyanddailylife.Hegivesmemuchhelpandadviceduringthewholeprocessofmywriting，whichhasmademyaccomplishmentspossible.
Also，Iwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoalltheprofessorswhohavetaughtmeinthisuniversity.Theirinstructionshavehelpedbroadenmyhorizonandtheirenlighteningteachinghasprovidedmewithasolidfoundationtoaccomplishthispaperandwillalwaysbeofgreatvalueformyfuturecareerandacademicresearch.
Mythanksalsogototheauthorswhosebooksandarticleshavegivenmeinspirationinthewritingofthispaper.
Lastbutnotleast，Iwouldliketoexpressmyspecialthankstomyparents，whosecareandsupportmotivatemetomoveonandmakemewanttobeabetterperson.
论文致谢二：
Uponfinishingthisthesis，Iwouldliketoexpressmygreatgratitudetowardsallthosewhohaveofferedmesincereassistanceinthethreeyears.
Firstandforemost，myheartythanksgotomysupervisor，ProfessorZhangRuwen，whohasgivenmeinsightfulsuggestionsandconstantencouragementbothinmystudyandinmylife.Furthermore，ProfessorZhang'spainstakingteachingandvaluableadvicehaveprofoundlycontributedtothecompletionofthepresentthesis.
Also，Iownmythankstoalltheprofessorswhohavetaughtandenlighteningmeduringmystudiesinthecampus，forguidingmeinthefieldofresearchwork，whichisbothchallengingandfantastic.TheexperienceandprofitIobtainedwillbeofgrandimportancetomyfurtherstudies.
Finally，Iamalsogratefultomyfamilyandfriends，whoencourageandsupportmeandsharewithmemyworries，frustrations，andhappiness.
论文致谢三：
Iwouldlikeexpressmygratitudetoallthosewhooffergreathelpformythesis.
Firstandforemost，mydeepestgratitudegoestomysupervisorProfessorYuMuhong，forhisfather-likeencouragementandguidance.Heprovidedmewithabundantsuggestionsandpricelesscriticismsformywritingofthethesis.Butforhisconstantpatientguidanceandenlightenment，thethesiswouldhavebecomeamissionimpossible.
MysincerethanksalsogototheteachersfromtheSchoolofForeignLanguagesofZhejiangUniversityofFinanceandEconomics，whojointlyledmeintotheholytempleofacademicfield.Here，IwanttosendmygratefulnesstothoserespectedteacherslikeProf.WangBaorong，Prof.LiChangbao，Prof.ChenXianghong，Prof.ShaoYouxue，Prof.TengChao，Prof.CenQunxiaetc.Thankyouforyourbeingwithmeandbeingthewitnessesforthebirth，growthandperfectionofmythesis.
Ifeelindebtedtomyparents，withouttheirmentalandmaterialsupport，Icouldbarelyfinishthethesisontime.
Finally，mythanksshouldbesenttoallmyclassmates，fortheirendlesssupportandwarmhearts，makingmefeellikelivinginaunitedbigfamily.
论文致谢四：
Thecompletionofthethesisisattributedtomanypeople'ssupportandencouragement.
Firstandforemost，Iwanttoextendmyheartfeltgratitudetomysupervisor，ProfessorCaoDaogen，whosepatientguidance，valuablesuggestionsandconstantencouragementmakemesuccessfullycompletethisthesis.Hisconscientiousacademicspiritandmodest，open-mindedpersonalityinspiremebothinacademicstudyanddailylife.Hegivesmemuchhelpandadviceduringthewholeprocessofmywriting，whichhasmademyaccomplishmentspossible.
Also，Iwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoalltheprofessorswhohavetaughtmeinthisuniversity.Theirinstructionshavehelpedbroadenmyhorizonandtheirenlighteningteachinghasprovidedmewithasolidfoundationtoaccomplishthispaperandwillalwaysbeofgreatvalueformyfuturecareerandacademicresearch.
Mythanksalsogototheauthorswhosebooksandarticleshavegivenmeinspirationinthewritingofthispaper.
Lastbutnotleast，Iwouldliketoexpressmyspecialthankstomyparents，whosecareandsupportmotivatemetomoveonandmakemewanttobeabetterperson.
论文致谢五：
Uponfinishingthisthesis，Iwouldliketoexpressmygreatgratitudetowardsallthosewhohaveofferedmesincereassistanceinthethreeyears.
Firstandforemost，myheartythanksgotomysupervisor，ProfessorZhangRuwen，whohasgivenmeinsightfulsuggestionsandconstantencouragementbothinmystudyandinmylife.Furthermore，ProfessorZhang'spainstakingteachingandvaluableadvicehaveprofoundlycontributedtothecompletionofthepresentthesis.
Also，Iownmythankstoalltheprofessorswhohavetaughtandenlighteningmeduringmystudiesinthecampus，forguidingmeinthefieldofresearchwork，whichisbothchallengingandfantastic.TheexperienceandprofitIobtainedwillbeofgrandimportancetomyfurtherstudies.
Finally，Iamalsogratefultomyfamilyandfriends，whoencourageandsupportmeandsharewithmemyworries，frustrations，andhappiness.
论文致谢六：
Iwouldlikeexpressmygratitudetoallthosewhooffergreathelpformythesis.
Firstandforemost，mydeepestgratitudegoestomysupervisorProfessorYuMuhong，forhisfather-likeencouragementandguidance.Heprovidedmewithabundantsuggestionsandpricelesscriticismsformywritingofthethesis.Butforhisconstantpatientguidanceandenlightenment，thethesiswouldhavebecomeamissionimpossible.
篇2
一、关于职业道德修养
职业道德指的是从事某种职业的人在履行职业责任过程中必须遵循的操守、准则。职业道德是从业者的一种内在心理意识和信念，是在长期从业的过程中形成的自我约束机制，在行业内起着良好的导向作用。职业道德修养是从业者根据自身的职业特点接受锻炼、教育以及陶冶的提高和完善过程，有他律的一面，但更多的是自律。
一名教师的职业道德修养程度不但关系该教师的教学和科研水平，而且还会在一定程度上直接或间接地影响着学生的思想和行为。同志在北京师范大学建校一百周年时指出，教师应当“志存高远，爱国敬业；为人师表，教书育人；严谨笃学，与时俱进”。同志曾号召，要做“有理想信念、有道德情操、有扎实学识、有仁爱之心”的教师。
英语本科毕业论文评估主体的职业道德修养更多的体现为他们的自律行为。而自律就是他们在结合英语本科毕业论文评估工作特点而进行自我锻炼、自我教育和自我陶冶行为和意识。评价和衡量英语本科毕业论文评估主体的职业道德修养，不能只是凭借几个量化的指标，而是要依靠一些可以触及良心、道德甚至是灵魂深处的正确理念和积极导向。一名具备高尚职业道德的英语本科毕业论文评估人员，其评估毕业论文的行为一定是积极乐观、一丝不苟的，评估结果也一定是真实可靠、公平公正、心安理得和问心无愧的。
二、关于英语本科毕业论文的评估主体
评估英语本科毕业论文通常需要六个步骤，分别是确立评估标准、选聘评估主体、将论文交给评估主体、评估主体进行评估、评估结果反馈、对答辩的评估。在这六个步骤中，除了确立评估标准和选聘评估人员这两个步骤之外，其余步骤均与评估主体密切相关，评估主体的重要作用不言而喻。
评估毕业论文首先要解决的三个问题是“谁来评”、“评什么”和“怎么评”。确定评估主体实际上就是解决了“谁来评”的问题。
对于一个好的评估主体来说，各成员之间的年龄、学历、专业、性别等结构应该是合理的。黄猛和雷银生等人认为，一个好的毕业论文评估主体应该由开题小组、指导教师、评阅老师以及答辩小组构成。
开题小组负责评估选题的价值、研究方法、论证的逻辑，并给出修改和完善的建议。指导教师负责评估论文的技术和非技术含量。评阅教师负责阅读和评价论文定稿。答辩小组负责评估口头答辩。
三、英语本科毕业论文评估主体的职业道德现状
蒋桂芳总结说，当前我国高校教师在职业道德方面存在着这样的一些问题：（1）政治信念不坚定。（2）缺乏敬业精神。（3）不能为人师表。（4）缺乏育人观念。（5）治学不严谨。
作为高校教师队伍中的一个群体，英语本科毕业论文评估主体也存在着蒋桂芳提到的职业道德问题。针对毕业论文评估这一工作，英语本科毕业论文评估主体的职业道德问题还突出地表现在这样的几个方面：（1）不能正确、客观地看待毕业论文，对毕业论文本身的重要性存在错误的认识或认识不到位，不能按时、规范地评估毕业论文，有的时候还会带着情绪开展评估工作。（2）不愿意主动学习、钻研测试及评估领域的重要知识和理论，评估毕业论文时主观性随意性太强，打出的成绩往往经不起同行的推敲，可解释性不强，有的时候甚至无法说服学生。（3）评估主体各成员之间在评估的过程中往往各自为阵，缺乏应有的衔接与沟通，更谈不上有效的团队协作。
四、英语本科毕业论文评估主体的职业道德对评估工作的影响
篇3
本科毕业论文是高等院校教学计划的重要组成部分之一，是实现高等院校专业培养目标和要求的重要环节。2000年颁布并在全国高等院校实施的《高等学校英语专业教学大纲》（以下简称《大纲》）中指出：“毕业论文是考查学生综合能力、评估学业成绩的一个重要方式。”对学生而言，毕业论文是检验其运用专业知识能力、分析问题能力和学术能力的标准之一。而对学校，毕业论文的质量是衡量高等院校教学质量的重要指标之一，也是检验学校行政能力的良好手段。因此，无论是学生、老师还是高等院校的行政管理部门都需对毕业论文工作给予高度重视。
一 制定适合本专业特点的毕业论文实施细则，全局宏观把控毕业论文写作
在《大纲》中，明确了“毕业论文一般应用英语撰写，长度为3000～5000个单词，要求文字通顺、思路清晰、内容充实、有一定的独立见解。”这一要求仅仅只明确了英语专业本科毕业论文的字数、撰写语言和纲领性要求。而毕业论文究竟应该怎么写、写什么，学生还需要更为具体的细则来作为准绳。对本科毕业论文写作而言，每个学校的毕业论文实施细则就是学生进行毕业论文写作时的详细指南。毕业论文实施细则一般要求各专业根据自身实际情况，列明论文进度安排、选题范围和要求、撰写语言、最低参考文献数量等部分。一旦细则出台并能严格执行，学生可从中了解本科毕业论文撰写的详细步骤和要求，学校也能从宏观上根据细则把控毕业论文写作的进度和质量。
以进度安排为例，毕业论文作为学术论文的一种，是对某个科学领域中的学术问题进行研究后表述科学研究成果的理论文章。由于本科生的研究深度欠缺，因此本科毕业论文需要学生将自己的研究建立在大量阅读前人理论、研究和著作之上。英语毕业论文除中文文献之外，还需要学生阅览大量的外文文献。这一过程是集翻译、理解、分析、归纳、总结的一个综合过程。所以在制定英语专业的毕业论文的进度安排时如能把整个论文进度提前，将有益于学生的研究。同样，选题作为论文的重头戏，一旦选定研究方向，切入点找得好，学生论文自然写得也顺畅，不会出现写不下去、需要重新选题的情况。所以在制定进度安排时也可以适当延长选题的时间，让学生能找准切入点，有时间将论文写作的准备工作做充分，从而从源头上提高论文质量。
二 制定符合本校实际情况的毕业论文审核及责任预警机制，实时调控毕业论文质量
《浙江省教育厅关于加强普通高等学校毕业设计（论文）工作的通知》（浙教高教〔2004〕137号）中指出：“毕业设计（论文）的质量也是衡量各校教学水平、进行学生毕业与学位资格认证的重要依据。各高等学校要充分认识这项工作的必要性和重要性，建立严格的管理制度。”毕业论文的质量一方面体现在学生研究问题和解决问题的能力及专业知识的联系和运用上，同时也体现在导师的指导和学校的监管上。只有三方共同努力，才能分别从不同的角度协作，从整体上提高毕业论文的质量。因此，制定符合本校实际情况的毕业论文审核及责任预警机制就成为了提高论文质量最好的助推剂。
在选题和结构方面，可以建立从论文指导老师到论文小组再到专业的三层审核工作，层层汇报、层层负责的预警机制，充分运用专业老师的学术严谨性和权威性，而学校作为管理单位可以起到总体监督、避免重复选题的作用。而在语言严谨性和格式规范性方面则可以充分调动学生的自审能力，在专业和学校给出一定要求和参考模板的前提下，激发学生自查和互查的能力，互相取长补短有所学习和借鉴，从源头上做好质量的保证，同时也可以大大提高专业导师在语言和格式方面的后续审查效率。学校管理层面以表格工具的形式走程序化管理线路，做到所有重要质量监控环节执行情况都有据可查。
篇4
1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home 2
1.4 The significance of the study 2
2. Literature Review 4
2.1 Definition of learning strategies 4
2.2 Classification of learning strategies 5
2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies 6
2.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies 8
3. The methodology 10
3.1 The subjects 10
3.2 Instruments 10
3.3 Data collection 11
3.4 Data analysis 11
4. Results and discussion 16
4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies 16
4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. 16
4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors 17
5. Conclusion 19
Acknowledgements 20
References 21
Appendices 23
1. Introduction
In this part, four sections are included. There are background of this study, the current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students, overview of the Internet development in China and the significance of the study.
1.1 Background of this study
With the fast development of society and the increasing openness to the world, the demands to communicate in English have been expanded to a large degree. College students are required to have a good competence in speaking before entering the society. But the fact is that the actual competence of college students in speaking is far from being satisfactory. It is necessary for us to improve the awareness of using strategies.
In the field of language learning and teaching over the last few decades, a prominent shift has taken place, resulting in great emphasis on learners and learning rather than teachers and teaching. The study of learning strategies has seen an “explosion of activity”. [1]105 In recent years although the history of research into speaking learning strategies is not very long, the study on speaking learning strategies can provide students with valuable suggestions on how to improve oral English in terms of accuracy, fluency, and complexity. Almost 15 researchers abroad have studied on speaking learning strategies. In China, Huang Xiaohua and Chen Sijin have done a great contribution to studies on speaking leaning strategies.
Nowadays, the development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks have deeply influenced people’s life, also the language study. However, there are still few researches on the web-based speaking learning strategies. The thesis attempts to make a study on web-based speaking learning strategies.
1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students
In China, the teaching of English as a foreign language has been greatly influenced by the traditional education system. The traditional way still pay much attention to the examinations in schools, including colleges and universities either, rather than the application of language. Linguistic form is always the focus of both textbooks and language tests. Besides, under this model, one teacher is always in charge of many students in one class, so the teacher becomes the center of the class and there is little chance for the students to practice oral English. The English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-imparting” process and the English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-receiving’ process. Therefore, there is a misleading that English learners are regarded as passive recipients and do not need any initiative.
According to the investigation by Shi in 2000, college graduates who have strong speaking ability only account for 5%; those who are very weak in speaking account for 37%; those who are competent in international conference discussions account for 7% and those who are competent in foreign trade negotiations account for 14%. In spite of the fact that college students have a long history of learning English, the critical situation still not shift and the ability for the college students to speak English is far from satisfactory.
1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home
With the rapid development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks, people’s life has been influenced. According to “Survey Report on Internet Development in China” provided by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) in January 2007, study is the fourth main goal following getting entertained, making friends and getting resources. In English Learning Teaching, Multi-media Means have been also applied. No one can ignore the great influence of the Internet on people’s daily life, including English study. A lot of people have made full use of the Internet for English study, such as reading or listening global news, watching America or Europe movies or TV series, taking part in chatting rooms for English study, making frien ds from other countries online, etc.
Web-based study can make learning anytime, anywhere available, thereby providing the possibility for lifelong learning. It also changes the relationship between teachers and students and provides increased access to study. Besides, web-based study is a good way to improve the student's critical thinking and analytical skills. [2]245
1.4 The significance of the study
With the development of global integration and the increased frequency of international communication, new and higher requirements in English study are put forward for college students. Gradually, more and more non-English major students realize the importance of oral English study and try to find out ways to improve their own oral English to a higher level. However, due to the influence of traditional teaching methods, long-time examination-oriented concept and ignorance to oral English in people’s mind, the current situation of college students, especially non-English major students, in oral English is far from being optimistic. From 1960s, language researchers home and abroad have focused on the relationship between oral English study and learning strategies and made deep study on speaking learning strategies.
What’s more, the Internet and computer science has played a more and more important role in people’s life and influenced language learning further. It is evidently an admirable thing, but there is little guidance to the English study online. The study on web-based learning strategies is few, even the study on web-based speaking learning strategies is almost blank. Therefore, this paper chooses a certain amount of non-English major students in ZUST, and studies their present situation or problems during using speaking learning strategies online, hoping to help them to find a suitable way to study online and finally achieve the ultimate goal of improving oral English.
2. Literature Review
In this part, four topics are discussed respectively. They are: definition of learning strategies, classification of learning strategies, studies on speaking learning strategies, factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies.
2.1 Definition of learning strategies
In most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. The general definition of learning strategies is “mental or behavior activity related to some specific stage in the overall process of language acquisition or language use.” [3]154 In the short history of researches on learning strategies, lots of researches abroad gave definition of learning strategies from perspective of their study. Here are some.
Weinstein and Mayer insist that learning strategies are the behaviors and thoughts that a learner engages in during learning. Learning strategies are intended to influence the learner’s encoding process. 54 The researchers above all think learning strategies are actions useful to language learning but differ in the way learning strategies work.
In 1990, Cohen defines learning strategies as learning processes which are consciously selected by the learners. The element of choice is important here because this is what gives a strategy its special character. These are also moves which the learners are at least partially aware of, even if full attention is not being given to them. 78
In addition, Tarone defines language strategies as “an attempt to develop linguistic and sociolinguistic competence in target language –to incorporate these into one’s interlanguage competence.” [11]65-66 Stern gives the definition as “best reserved for general tendencies or overall characteristic of the approach employed by the language learner, leaving techniques as the term to refer to particular forms of observable learning behavior.& rdquo; [12]57-58
2.2 Classification of learning strategies
2.2.1 Classification of learning strategies abroad
Learning strategies have been classified by many scholars. However, most of these studies do not differ much with each other. Here are three typical classifications:
In the classification of O’Malley and Chamots, there are 3 major types of strategies, namely, cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies and social/affective strategies. [13]155 O’Malley and Chamot make the classification depending on the level or type of processing involved. The disadvantage of O’Malley and Chamot’s classification is that it has difficulties in its application because the definition of each strategies item seems to be a little vague.
The classification scheme provided by Oxford is believed to be the most comprehensive classification to date. Oxford divided language strategies into two major groups, namely, direct strategies and indirect strategies. [14]54-55
1) Direct strategies: Memory strategies, Cognitive strategies, Compensation strategies.
2) Indirect strategies: Meta-cognitive strategies, Social strategies, Affective strategies.
The classification by Oxford has been widely used and accepted.
Cohen, in his work Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language divided learners’ strategies into two types: language learning strategies and language using strategies. [15]124 Cohen’s classification seems clear and easy to understand, but it is difficult to tell whether it is for language learning or for language use. Besides, his study did not pay attention to meta-cognitive strategies, while many researchers believe that meta-cognitive strategies are one of the most important strategies to language learning.
2.2.2 Classification of learning strategies in China
As we know, in most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. In China, many researchers have made great contribution to learning strategies. In order to have a good understanding of learning strategies, many researchers focus on the classification of learning strategies. Cheng& Zhen and Wen are two prominent researchers.
Cheng& Zhen put forward two classification schemes. The first one is based on the role that strategies play in the learning process. There are cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and communicative strategies. The second one is based on areas of language knowledge and skills. There are strategies for learning pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and strategies for developing listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. [16]56
Wen draws a complete system for language learning strategies. In this system, language learning strategies are divided into two categories: the beliefs about language learning and the learning strategies. The former concerns a learner’s viewpoint about how to learn a foreign language, and these beliefs decide the learning strategies one uses. The latter is subdivided into two groups: management skills and learning skills. Management skills are usually related to the language materials, including making study plans, evaluating one’s progress, measuring and modulating one’s affective state and so on; while learning skills generally include how to acquire the abilities in listening, speaking, reading and writing, how to deal with new words, how to learn pronunciation and so on. [17]54
2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies
2.3.1 Nature of oral English
Oral English is different from written English in many ways. Oral English is usually not pre-organized and neat as written English. The sentence in oral English is usually shorter, even not completed or simpler, sometimes wrong in grammar. Also, we can find that oral English is always much up-dated and could express speaker’s ideals by tones of voice, intonation and stress.
The words are being spoken as they are being decided and as they are being understood. Once spoken, they are gone. While the reader can reread, the listener can have memory problems that will lead to misunderstandings or a request for a repetition. Furthermore, the listener may miss a part of what was said, perhaps through noise, or a moment’s distraction. [18]85
2.3.2 Studies on speaking learning strategies abroad
With the further study of learning strategies, some researchers have made detailed study on speaking learning strategies. Speaking strategies, which are closely related to strategies as in McDonugh’s review, turned out to be a focus among researchers of SLA. L2 researchers on speaking strategies were always divided into two camps:
1) Socio-linguistically orientated researchers, such as Tarone, who considered such strategies as social interaction.
2) Psycho-linguistically orientated researchers, represented by Faerch and Kasper, who recognized them as part of a planning process.
Through employing the me thodology of interpreting transcripts of learners’ language，the two camps set a destination of ascertaining various lists of possible strategies available to L2 learners, which were separately described by Poulisse and Bialystok. [19]78-79
The most comprehensive project into speaking strategies was conducted at the University of Nijmegen by Kellerman, Bongaerts, and Poulisse in the 1980s. In these studies by the Nijmegen group, verbal report and other methods were used for investigating the situation of the use of L2 speaking strategies, especially those used in compensating for gaps in communicative ability.
O’Malley and Chamot conducted an empirical interventionist study, which “is one of the most comprehensive studies of learner strategies to date”. [20]65 After the test, the members who were given precise and clear training in meta-cognitive，cognitive，and social strategies and affective strategies improved significantly more than the controlled group.
Cohen, Weaver and Li investigated the effects of a range of speaking strategies on three tasks performed by university foreign language students: a self-description, a story retelling, and a description of a favorite city at University of Minnesota. In 2000, there are also three major studies reviewed by Cohen, which dealt with training of speaking strategies, founded on the categorization of speaking strategies. One study was conducted with a survey of 122 first-year and fourth-year students in the English Department at an Egyptian university，half students receiving the treatment and half in the controlled group. A second study involved 60 undergraduates in compulsory English for Arts Student course. 75
2.3.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies at home
From the early 1980s, researchers in China began to pay more and more attention to speaking learning strategies. A thesis named “An investigation of learning strategies in colloquial communication that Chinese EFL learners in China employ” was accomplished by Huang Xiaohua in 1984. In 1985, Huang Xiaohua took a further research on relationship between speaking strategies and speaking proficiency among seniors of English major in Guangzhou Foreign Language Institute. They found that the use of learning strategies was relative to increased language achievement or proficiency and learning strategies had been firmly affirmed to play an active role in language learning. [23]287-307
In 1990, Chen Siqing Published “A study of communication strategies in interlanguage production by Chinese EFL learners” in an international magazine—Language Learning. In the study, the frequency, type and efficiency of using communication strategies by twelve students of foreign language majors were observed and described. [24]24-26
2.3.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies
During the recent studies on learning strategies, many researchers have found that the use of speaking learning strategies is affected by many factors. And the most common factors are age, language proficiency, learning style, learning beliefs, gender, motivation and culture.
1) Age has been found to affect the use of oral English strategies. Older learners often use complex, sophisticated strategies. Young children respond more readily and intuitively to language “acquisition” in social and communicative situations, while older learners can learn language more steadily by means of cognitive and academic approaches. [25]154
2) L2 proficiency Bialystock found that functional practice correlated significantly with second language proficiency in tenth graders, whereas functional practice, formal practice, and monitoring were related to L2 proficiency in twelfth graders. [26]25
3) Learning styles also affect the choice of L2 learning strategies. Learning styles make a big difference in choosing learning strategies or the learning behavior of an individual.
4) Learning beliefs, as researchers, Weden, Horwitz; Abranham and Vann; Gerardo; Pedro; Yang, suggested, play an important role in dictating the use of learning strategies.
5) Gender differences in the use of learning strategies are indicated by several studies of Oxford and Nyikos, Oxford and Green, Kaylani e.
6) Motivation is also important in successful second language learning. Gardner, D. & L. Miller are typical researchers. Schumann, Oxford and Nyikos, Ehrman and Oxford, Okada also concern much about motivation and learning strategies.
7) Culture may play an important role in shaping particular learning behaviors, as some researchers indicated. Researchers such as O’Malley, Politzer and McGroa try, Scarcella, Carson, Hino, Kohn, Carson and Nelson, Levine, Reves and Leaver and Parry make researches on it. [27]85
3. The methodology
The study was conducted to investigate the current situation of speaking learning strategies used by students from non-English majors who have oral English study online by means of questionnaire survey. The whole chapter is composed of the following components: the subjects, the instruments, data collection, data analysis.
3.1 The subjects
3.1.1 Purpose
The major purposes of the study are: 1) to study the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online; 2) to find out the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies; 3) to identify the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level; 4) to point out that the positive use of speaking learning strategies online is helpful to the improvement of oral English.
3.1.2 Participants
The participants are 107 college students of non-English major in ZUST. They are from different majors and are respectively from science and arts. And also, they are from different grades of different levels.
3.2 Instruments
The questionnaire has been used to gather information on the speaking learning strategies used by students of non-English major who have oral English study online. The students are required to finish the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The questionnaire contains 30 questions, concluding 6 questions about meta-cognitive strategies, 4 questions about cognitive strategies, 6 questions about memory strategies, 4 questions about compensation strategies, 5 questions about affective strategies, and 5 questions about social strategies. It uses five scales ranging from A (“never”) to E (“always”). The latter letter indicates a more frequent use of the Internet or strategies. The first part of the survey questionnaire is for the status of using the Internet for oral English study in ZUST. The second part focuses on the use of six types of strategies. The detailed reflection of different speaking learning strategies used in oral English study online can be represented as below: 1) memory strategies, such as setting up nets of relationships, making use of image and sound, reviewing, acting and so on; 2) cognitive strategies, such as practicing, receiving, and conveying information, analyzing and inferring, setting up rules for inputting and output information; 3) compensation strategies, such as guessing, overcoming deficiencies of language knowledge in speaking and writing; 4) meta-cognitive strategies, such as focusing on key points of learning, arranging and planning learning, evaluating learning; 5) affective strategies, such as lowering anxiety, encouraging oneself, learning about one’s own state of affect; 6) social strategies, such as enquiring about questions, cooperating with others, sympathizing others. The questionnaire is in Chinese, in order to make the participants understand the items better.
3.3 Data collection
The students majoring in science, especially the students majoring in engineering and students majoring in arts of business trade and humanity in ZUST, take part in this survey. The survey conducted during a week in April in 2010. There are different methods or procedures to collect the data in the researches of speaking learning strategies, such as observation, interview, questionnaire, verbal report, diary, etc. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages as well. But considering time-saving principal and the conception of building an environmental society, this survey is made online. During this period, we contact 3 students majoring in engineering in ZUST and then other students to take part in the survey. The students are required to answer the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The participants are advised not to be so bad in English to guarantee the quality of the survey. Then the data will undergo descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics indicate the average level of the use of speaking learning strategies, the difference between two sets of scores, such as the relationship between some learners’ factors and the use of speaking learning strategies, such as gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency, and the possibility and reliability of the data.
3.4 Data analysis
This paper analyzes the data collected in the research. Section one indicates the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online. Section two shows the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. Section three provides the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level. For the convenience of calculating, A (“never&rd quo;) to E (“always”) in the questionnaire count 1-5 scores gradually. And all use mean and Std. Deviation to make a contrast between each other and check the possibility of the results.
3.4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies
Table 3.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in real life
Category Online In real life
Overall strategies 2.50 4.02
Memory strategies 2.30 4.33
Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.04
Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.83
Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 3.12
Affective strategies 2.19 3.03
Social strategies 2.24 4.08
The table 3.1 above shows the mean scores of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in the real life respectively. It is clearly that the frequency of the overall use of speaking learning online only accounts 2.50, greatly lower than that in the real life, which holds 4.02. Besides, the respective scores of the use of different speaking learning strategies are relatively lower than that in the real life.
3.4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies
Table 3.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies
Category Mean Std. Deviation
Memory strategies 2.30 2.29
Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.33
Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.91
Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 5.18
Affective strategies 2.19 3.43
Social strategies 2.24 3.07
The table 3.2 above shows the mean scores and std. deviation of the use of different speaking learning strategies online. As the survey shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used by students are compensation strategies, which accounts for 2.82. The latter two are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies, which accounts for 2.57 and 2.53 respectively. Affective strategies only have 2.19, which are comparatively low to the overall level.
3.4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors
3.4.3.1 Use of the speaking strategies by different gender
Table 3.3 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different gender
Category Male Female
Overall strategies 2.33 2.67
Memory strategies 2.28 2.32
Cognitive strategies 2.53 2.61
Compensation strategies 2.51 2.55
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.49 2.57
Affective strategies 2.18 2.20
Social strategies 2.21 2.27
From table 3.3, we can see that there is no big significant difference in using memory strategies, cognitive strategies, compensation strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and social strategies between different genders. The overall strategies used by females hold 2.67, higher than 2.33 for males. The use of learning strategies by females is more frequent than the males. Also, the scores of respective speaking learning strategies by the females are always higher than the males.
3.4.3.2 Use of the speaking strategies by different majors
Table 3.4 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different major
Category Science Arts
Overall strategies 2.36 2.64
Memory strategies 2.25 2.35
Cognitive strategies 2.51 2.63
Compensation strategies 2.59 2.47
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.31 2.33
Affective strategies 2.15 2.23
Social strategies 2.19 2.29
From table 3.4, the overall use of speaking learning strategies by students from arts occupies 2.64, while the use of those from science occupies 2.36. The students from arts use speaking learning strategies a little more frequent than those of the science. Also, this contrast between males and females can be seen by the scores of each speaking learning strategies in the table3.4.
3.4.3.3 Use of the speaking strategies by different personalities
Table 3.5 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different personality
Category Extroverted Introverted
Overall strategies 2.50 2.42
Memory strategies 2.27 2.33
Cognitive strategies 2.58 2.56
Compensation strategies 2.56 2.50
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.28 2.34
Affective strategies 2.19 2.17
Social strategies 2.26 2.21
From table 3.5, the scores of the extroverted students and the introverted students are near the same. And it is not fixed that the scores of the extroverted ones are higher than the introverted ones by each strategies. The score of memory strategies by the introverted occupies 2.33, 0.05 higher than the extroverted. Also, we can see that the score of the meta-cognitive strategies by the introverted is 0.06 higher. There is no big difference in the use of the speaking strategies with different personality, but normally the speaking learning strategies used by the outgoing and confident students are more frequent, especially social strategies, affective strategies and compensation strategies.
3.4.3.4 The use of the speaking strategies by different self-rated proficiency levels
Table 3.6 Frequency of the use of speaking Learning
strategies by different self-rated proficiency level
Category High Medium Low
Overall strategies 2.53 1.61 0.89
Memory strategies 1.84 1.71 1.12
Cognitive strategies 2.19 1.97 0.98
Compe nsation strategies 1.51 1.57 1.90
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.57 1.63 0.83
Affective strategies 2.83 1.88 0.67
Social strategies 2.11 1.54 0.83
In this part, students are divided into three groups by self-rated proficiency level, namely, high, medium and low. Table 3.6 clearly shows that the strategies used by the participants are significantly and positively related to their proficiency level. The good students with higher-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and relatively the students with low-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In addition, the compensation is often used by the ones who are relatively weak in English, which occupy 1.9 point in the table 3.6.
4. Results and discussion
4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies
As the survey shows, the overall use of speaking learning strategies online is still low. The possible reason should be:
First, the college students have not thought high of or even realized the great potential and function of the net to learning. Although the Internet can capture students’ attention easily, it is not often used for study. Students are used to and willing to study in class or by textbooks or homework.
Second, even though a part of students realized the value of Internet to study, they do not know how to study. The further negative effect is that they lose the interest in oral English practicing easily. This may need the teachers to guide them and enlighten their mind with fleshing ideas, innovation and updated rich information about the ways to practice oral English on the Internet.
Third, there is no admirable and pleasant atmosphere for web-based study. As nearly all the students live in the dormitory, they are easily affected by each other. So, an environment full of interaction is advocated. The teachers or the students themselves could build some forums, unions or study groups to arise the atmosphere of study.
The last but not the least, the Internet has so much temptation to allure the students to have some entertainment. So, the Internet itself may reduce the speaking learning use. Students are always weak in self-motivated learning ability and ability to study independently online. As to this, the students themselves should pay more efforts on it.
4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies.
From the data we can see that the most frequent speaking learning strategy used by students online is the compensation strategies. This may be the reason that the average oral English level of non-English major students is not high and a big amount of them is low. When they could not understand what the other talks about during the conversation, they will ask them to repeat or slow down the speed. Since the storage of their vocabulary is limited, when they could not remind of the words or sentences needed, they will choose other words or sentences to replace these words or sentences. And when they could not express themselves clearly, they will try to give examples to elaborate it.
The lower ones to compensation strategies in the survey are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies. It is gratified that students have an identifying goal of study in English learning and they also take advantage of the Internet resources under a pleasant condition by watching America movie or TV series or listening VOA, BBC, etc. They also try to seek the better way to improve oral English and have the ability to make arrangements.
Affective strategies, memory strategies and social strategies are comparatively lower in the data. Students are easy to be depressed about their oral English and sometimes have the thought to let it be. When confronted with new words on movies, TV series, websites, chatting online, etc, students will not write them down or try to find their meanings. Social strategies could contribute much but are limited by the traditional study habits online. Students have not formed the habits to practice English by e-mails, chatting rooms or other methods online.
4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors
As we can see from the use of the speaking strategies by different genders, majors, personality, and self-rated proficiency level above, English learning factors do affect the oral learning inline.
As to the gender, females pay more attention to the use of speaking learning strategies and have more talents in language learning. Female students are not engaged in many entertainments such as games, etc. But both males and females should make best use of the advantages and bypass the disadvantages
As to the major, the scores of the students majoring in arts are conspicuously superior to the students majoring in science. The thinking pattern and the advantage of sharing emotion and social practice of the students majoring in art makes them superior in the use of speaking learning strategies, while the students majoring in science pay much on the technologies and data than language itself.
As to personality, the extroverted ones gain much. The extroverted personality always represents confident, outgoing and communicating or sharing much with others. The confident and outgoing ones always have a higher self-rated proficiency. If one is more confident and outgoing, then he or she will pay more efforts on how to improve oral English and gain more opportunity to have a communication with others.
As to self-rated proficiency, it is clear that the students with higher self-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and the students with lower self-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In turn, the ones who use varied speaking learning strategies more frequently can always achieve better outcomes in oral English. But as the Internet is only one assisting tool to oral English learning, so, we can not say that it is definitely a deciding factor. But it is sure that frequent use of strategies do contributes to the results of the oral English learning.
At present, however, not too many students regard the speaking learning strategies important, and have not formed a good study mode online. So, I would like to bring up some advice for reference: 1)lowering anxiety and practicing step by step; 2)preparing and planning for using speaking learning strategies; 3)selecting and using proper and suitable strategies for yourself; 4)summarizing your oral study and making adjustments accordingly; 5)going outside and practicing more and more. How to get rid of the barriers of the negative factors and make full use of the positive ones is a wise but a difficult thing. Also, to make full use of the Internet in study and put the speaking learning strategies into the oral English study online are meaningful but still a long way.
5. Conclusion
The above discussion of study and research is by no means comprehensive but it deserves our study.
Nowadays, Internet is an interesting and fashionable thing to us. It has attracted our eyeballs for a long time and occupied plenty of our time as well. The introduction of Internet brings new vigor to teaching and learning process, but it also tends to be inefficient during the study. Thus, the frequency of using speaking learning strategies online is low. This requires the proper use of speaking learning strategies and efforts by the students.
As the study shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used online is compensation strategies. It may after all be accepted as a good way to circumvent the weakness in oral English, but not a good and long-time way to improve oral English level. Other strategies do deserve to use and have some requirements to the learners: the use of cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies requires learners know how to make arrangements for study and have the ability to self-control during the study online. The study of affective strategies shows that an enterprising and perseverant mind is advocated in practicing oral English. Memory strategies request the learners to be more diligent and hardworking to English study. At last, the social strategies are functional and demand the students to explore more gateways of practicing oral English online.
It is evident that learners’ factors can easily affect the use of speaking learning strategies online and some factors can not be changed at once. But, if the learners could foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, and absorb the shining points from the others, there will be a new look of oral English learning.
Speaking learning strategies is by no means helpful to the improvement of oral English, although this paper could not give affirmative support to it. But we can see that the good learners always use speaking learning strategies more frequently.
All in all, it is greatly expected that the learners could make full use of the website and speaking learning strategies during the study online and there will be a better atmosphere of practicing oral English online in the future.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Louqing, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Yangxue, Chenliang, Fanyanlong, wangbo and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
References
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［9］Cohen, A. D. Language learning: “Insights for learners, Teachers and Researchers”[M]. New York: Newbury House Publishers, 1990:67.
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Appendices
浙江科技学院非英语专业大学生网上英语口语学习策略调查问卷
一、个人简况
姓名:
性别: A 男 B女
科别： A 理工科 B文科
你的性格特征： A内向 B外向
你认为你目前的英语综合水平： A很差 B一般 C优秀
二、网上英语口语学习策略调查
（元认知策略使用情况调查）
1、我寻求好的网上口语练习的时间和地点。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
2、上网学习时，我能把握上网学习的时间和内容。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
3、对于如何上网提高英语口语能力，在不同时期，我有明确的目标。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
4、我总在寻求更好的口语学习方法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
5、我思考和评价自己的上网学习方法从而找出存在的问题和解决方法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
6、在说话前， 我先把想说的话组织好再说。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（认知策略使用情况调查）
7、我浏览各种英文网站、听英文录音VOA,BBC,. etc及看英文视频等，听和练习口语。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
8、在用英语聊天时，我会猜想对方下一句会说什么。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
9、听VOA,BBC，. etc 或欧美剧等英文视频时，我会模仿其说话方式、语音语调及用词。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
10、听VOA,BBC，. etc 或欧美剧等英文视频时，我会小声跟着说。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（记忆策略使用情况调查）
11、我反复观看喜欢的欧美剧，以便加深印象。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
12、记单词时， 我会想到同根的词或近义词、反义词等相关词汇。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
13、在英文网站上遇到新单词我就猜它的意思。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
14、一遇到生词就查字典吗?
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
15、我把上网遇到的生词记在单词本上。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
16、我用金山词霸等网上字典在线查找生词的意义及用法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（补偿策略使用情况调查）
17、QQ聊或聊天室语音等方式交流时， 我会努力猜测TA接下去将说什么。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
18、QQ聊或聊天室语音等方式交流时， 当不懂对方所言时，会请求对方重复或放慢语速。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
19、QQ聊或聊天室语音等方式交流时， 当与别人交谈时想不起某个词 时， 我会使用同义词（组）。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
20、当不能表达自己时， 我会举例等方式进行解释。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（情感策略使用情况调查）
21、在网络环境中害怕别人发现你英语方面的不足吗?
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
22、为了把口语说好，我经常自我鼓励。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
23、说英语紧张时， 我会想办法消除它。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
24、上网学习英语后，我的学习兴趣提高了。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
25、我会与家人、同学、老师等探讨口语学习的感受
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（社交策略使用情况调查）
26、用英语写邮件或聊天时，我请对方纠正我的错误。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
27、通过网上交流很容易在学习上和同学结成朋友。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
28、必要时，交谈借助手势、表情等进行表达。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
29、交谈时，我把精力放在意思表达上。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
30、在口语表达时，我直接向对方表示自己遇到困难，向对方寻求帮助。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
浙江科技学院非英语专业大学生非网络状态下英语口语学习策略调查问卷
（元认知策略使用情况调查）
1、我寻求好的网上口语练习的时间和地点。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
2、学习时，我能把握学习的时间和内容。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
3、对于如何提高英语口语能力，在不同时期，我有明确的目标。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
4、我总在寻求更好的口语学习方法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
5、我思考和评价自己的学习方法从而找出存在的问题和解决方法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
6、在说话前， 我先把想说的话组织好再说。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（认知策略使用情况调查）
7、我参加有利于英语提高的活动，听和练习口语。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
8、在用英语聊天时，我会猜想对方下一句会说什么。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
9、听英语时，我会模仿其说话方式、语音语调及用词。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
10、听英语时，我会小声跟着说。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（记忆策略使用情况调查）
11、我反复朗读喜欢的英语文章，以便加深印象。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
12、记单词时， 我会想到同根的词或近义词、反义词等相关词汇。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
13、遇到新单词我就猜它的意思。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
14、一遇到生词就查字典吗?
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
15、我把遇到的生词记在单词本上。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
16、我会努力查找生词的意义及用法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（补偿策略使用情况调查）
17、英语聊天时，我会努力猜测TA接下去将说什么。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
18、英语聊天时，当不懂对方所言时，会请求对方重复或放慢语速。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
19、英语聊天时， 当与别人交谈时想不起某个词时， 我会使用同义词（组）。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
20、当不能表达自己时， 我会举例等方式进行解释。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（情感策略使用情况调查）
21、害怕别人发现你英语方面的不足吗?
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
22、为了把口语说好，我经常自我鼓励。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
23、说英语紧张时， 我会想办法消除它。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
24、一番努力学习后，我的学习兴趣提高了。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
25、我会与家人、同学、老师等探讨口语学习的感受
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（社交策略使用情况调查）
26、用英语聊天时，我请对方纠正我的错误。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
27、英语打开新的世界，结交更多的朋友。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
28、必要时，交谈借助手势、表情等进行表达。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
29、交谈时，我把精力放在意思表达上。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
30、在口语表达时，我直接向对方表示自己遇到困难，向对方寻求帮助。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
谢谢您的合作!
诚 信 承 诺
我谨在此承诺：本人所写的毕业论文《基于网络的英语口语学习策略研究》均系本人独立完成，没有抄袭行为，凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料，均作了注释，若有不实，后果由本人承担。
篇5
本科毕业论文是本科人才培养的最后一个重要的综合性实践教学环节，是学生培养计划中不可或缺的一部分。在英语专业教学中，毕业论文的撰写不仅有助于英语专业学生巩固大学四年所学的基本理论、知识和语言技能，而且有利于培养本科生创新思维、独立分析与解决问题的能力以及科研能力等。毕业论文写作不但具有本科教学中其它教学环节所不能替代的实践性和综合性作用，同时也是衡量和检验高校本科教学工作质量的一个重要环节。2012年3月出台的《教育部关于全面提高高等教育质量的若干意见》中，特别强调要“强化育人环节，加强实践教学管理，提高实验、实习实训、实践和毕业设计（论文）质量”。然而，近年来，各高校毕业论文质量普遍下滑，引起了教育界的广泛关注。基于这一现状，笔者以本校英语专业2012级和2013级部分毕业生为研究对象，通过问卷调查和访谈等形式来分析探讨本校英语专业毕业论文存在的问题，并拟提出改进措施，以期为今后毕业论文质量的提高提供一定的参考依据。
二、基于问卷调查的对比研究
1.问卷设计。为了提高问卷调查的有效性，在开展问卷调查之前，笔者所在课题小组成员对我校外语学院2012级论文指导教师（43名）开展访谈，并对指导教师所反映的问题进行了记录。基于前期的理论综述和指导教师反馈，本组成员将问卷调查设计为29个问题，其中前27个问题为选择题，后两个问题为开放式问答。问卷调查的内容涵盖了论文撰写前的准备阶段，论文撰写过程阶段以及论文撰写后的评价阶段存在的主要问题，每个阶段涵盖不同的侧重点。论文撰写前，着重了解学生对于毕业论文的重要性认识，了解学生选题出现的困难以及学生对于论文指导教师的评价。论文撰写过程中，主要侧重于学生论文撰写中的难点，主要存在于论文撰写时间、论文文献查找以及语言组织能力三个方面。论文撰写后，着重了解学生对于论文的答辩管理评价、论文的评定管理评价以及论文的质量管理评价三个方面。
2.问卷实施。本问卷设计完成之后，本课题组5名指导教师首先抽取各自指导论文的2012级学生共计80进行了问卷调查，于答辩结束之后开展了问卷调查的数据收集和整理工作。发下问卷调查80份，回收有效问卷78份。本课题组成员针对问卷调查中出现的问题进行了研讨，并提出了改进措施。具体措施如下：（1）加强学生对于毕业论文重要性的认识；（2）加强指导教师与学生的沟通，将学生的兴趣与教师的研究方向相统一；（3）增加指导教师修改论文次数；（4）适当延长论文撰写时间；（5）提高文献查找能力；（6）加强培养学生的语言组织能力；（7）加强答辩过程的过程管理；（8）规范论文评定标准；（9）加强论文的质量管理。本课题组成员一致在2013级的论文指导工作中坚持这九项措施，在2013级的论文指导工作中严格要求。随后本组成员收集各自指导论文的2013级学生共计80进行了问卷调查，发下问卷调查80份，回收有效问卷80份。随后开展了问卷调查的数据收集和整理工作，分别形成了对照组和实验组。
3.问卷调查结果和讨论；经过两次的问卷调查和统计，本组成员获得了数据，并对此进行数据分析，具体分析如下：
表1和表2收集的是论文撰写前学生准备撰写论文的数据对比。表1数据表明，实验组较对照组对论文的重要性要明显提高，这组数据说明加强论文重要性教育是必要的，只有充分认识到论文撰写的重要性才能调动学生撰写论文的积极性和创造性。表2数据显示出实验组比对照组在选题与教师一研究方向一致性有所提高，这也与本组指导教师在选题阶段与学生加强沟通有直接的关系。说明学生论文选题受指导教师影响较大。学生选题与教师的研究方向一致性的提高，也有利于教师发挥自身专L，利于论文指导工作的展开。
表3至表6收集的是论文撰写过程中的撰写时间，修改次数以及学生存在主要的困难的数据对比。以上数据显示实验组教师修改学生论文次数明显高于实验组，这个结果在另外一项问题（你对你的指导教师是否满意）中也得到数据支持，学生对于教师的论文修改次数的提高有积极的评价。同时实验组比对照组撰写毕业论文时间普遍长1到2周，该数据对比使老师在实验组加强论文指导和监督的结果，同时也是实验组学生重视论文撰写的体现。对于学生论文撰写中出现的困难，表5体现的论文撰写中查找文献途径受限，该数据对比表明实验组的上网查阅文献比例高于对照组，实验组中完全不查阅文献的情况没有出现。反映出本组指导教师在实验组学生中加强文献检索指导，学生网上检索文献的能力有所提高。另外表6中实验组和对照组在论文撰写中，语言组织一直是难点。不少学生习惯用翻译软件组织语言，致使全篇论文中式英语随处可见。该数据说明语言的积累并不是一蹴而就的，学生的语言基础决定了学生的语言组织，与指导教师的指导并无直接关联。
表6至表9收集的为论文撰写后学生对相关的评价数据对比。以上数据表明，实验组比对照组对答辩过程、论文评定和论文质量管理方面的评价明显提高，说明本组指导教师对实验组的论文答辩、评定、管理三方面的改进与优化提高了学生对以上三项的结果评定。因此，规范论文考核、制定科学合理的毕业论文评价和管理体系对于提高毕业论文质量有着积极的意义。
三、结论
通过对我院2012级和2013级毕业论文质量管理分三个阶段进行实证研究和分析，表明提高论文质量必须做到如下几点：一是要加强学生对毕业论文的重视，需要通过各种形式的教育，使学生都能从思想上认识到毕业论文的重要性。二是要充分发挥指导教师的指导作用，合理安排教师的工作量，保障教师的论文指导时间。三是管理层要加强毕业论文过程监控，规范毕业论文评价和管理机制，从制度上保障毕业论文工作的开展。问卷调查法是本研究的主要方法，由于问卷调查样本不够大，被调查者人数有限，一定程度上也影响了本研究的实证研究结果。
参考文献：
[1]高等学校外语专业教学指导委员会英语组.高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2000.
[2]穆风英.英语专业本科毕业论文的调查和与思考[J].徐州师范大学学报，2001（4）：138-142.
[3]杨宇红.英语专业本科毕业论文的调查和反思[J].苏州科技学院学报（社会科学版），2009（3）：108-112.
[4]张奕，王健.构建多维化的英语专业本科毕业论文管理体系[J].中国高教研究，2005（9）：71-72.
篇6
电大开放教育毕业论文写作是实践教学环节中的一项重要内容，是培养学生理论联系实际、锻炼学生独立工作能力的有效手段，也是人才培养质量的重要体现。根据开放教育本科英语（教育方向）教学计划的规定，学员在基本修完本专业规定的必修课和选修课后，进入以撰写毕业论文为主的集中实践环节。但目前来看，电大开放教育英语本科毕业论文写作质量参差不齐，影响了论文整体质量。针对其中存在的一些亟待解决的问题，我们有必要进行认真思考与分析，更好地解决它们，使电大开放教育英语本科毕业论文的质量得到有效提高。
1开放教育本科英语专业毕业论文写作中存在的问题
1.2学生写作目的不明确，写作态度不端正。
毕业论文是检验学生知识水平和实践能力的主要手段，是学生运用所学专业知识分析问题、解决问题，使理论与实践相结合的重要训练。它既是教学过程的需要，更是培养目标的需要。可是，这种重要性和必要性并没有得到学生的充分理解和重视。相反，有的学生对毕业论文写作马虎应付，存在侥幸心理，企图蒙混过关；有的学生则存在惧怕心理。因为除了完成一般毕业论文所要完成的各个环节以外，英语专业的学生还需用全英文进行毕业论文的写作，但很多人认为自己是成人业余学生，没有能力用英语来写论文，因而缺乏相应的自信。
1.2 论文观点不明确，叙述多，论证少，类似经验总结。
由于外语专业毕业论文既要检查学员的语言水平，又要考察论文内容，因此对学员论文的新颖性要求不高，但一定要求观点明确。有的学员在Introduction 部分写了不少的字，但不知道他提出了一个什么问题。例如题目为"On Teaching English Reading in the High School"的论文，作者在开头部分讲了"In a word， English reading is very important in the middle school. I will discuss it from the following aspects according to my teaching experience."看了这些内容，大家认为他下面要写的是经验和心得体会，至于主要观点是什么，读者依然不明白。这种不能明确论点的论文，是没有价值的，也是不符合规范的。
针对以上论文写作中存在的问题，我们有必要对开放教育英语本科专业毕业论文的特点做一个全面系统的了解。
2开放教育英语本科专业毕业论文的特点
开放教育英语本科专业（教育方向）学员所写的毕业论文除了具备学术性（scholarly）、创新性（original）、规范性（formal）这几个毕业论文的基本特征外，还具备了英语教育方向的独特性：即职业性（professional）和过程性。
具体来看，本科英语的毕业论文设计分为问题分析、方案设计、项目实施、项目评估和项目报告几个阶段。学员的研究必须针对其课堂中确确实实反映出的问题；方案的设计必须符合要求；实施阶段必须严格监控，保证有一个月的实施时间；指导教师对学生的研究要如实评估；项目报告，也就是最后的论文必须符合论文的写作规范，要体现指导过程。
3改进和加强开放教育英语本科阶段论文写作实践环节的措施
根据开放教育英语本科专业毕业论文的特点及学员在论文写作过程中出现的问题，笔者提出以下几个方面进行改进措施。
3.1进一步提高本校指导教师、外聘教师及学生对毕业论文写作重要性的认识。
3.2以英语专业毕业论文指导书为依据，开设毕业论文指导课。
开放教育英语本科阶段针对论文写作环节有一本专门的指导书《论文项目设计》（顾曰国主编，外研社出版），但是以往由于各种原因，我校都没有开设这门课，采用的是让学生自学的方式。笔者建议应该由专门的老师系统的讲授这门课，让学员了解电大开放教育英语本科论文的特点及特殊要求，从而避免把普通高校英语本科毕业论文的要求与电大开放教育英语本科专业的毕业论文混为一谈；同时，通过讲授这门课，让学生熟悉英语论文写作流程，明确英语论文写作规范，少走弯路。
3.2加强学生写作基本功的训练。
提高写作水平必须从基础抓起。学生在平时的自主学习中要加强基础语法与句型的训练，加强词的词性、用法、搭配等的学习。辅导教师则可以通过加强对《高级英语写作》这门课的面授辅导，提高学生的英语写作能力；同时加强对《跨文化交际》、《英语国家社会与文化入门》等涉及语言文化课程的面授辅导，让学生更多地了解英语的思维方式和写作习惯。教师在导学的过程中还可以通过适当的案例（《跨文化交际》这门课中就有很多）把母语和英语进行比较，找出两种语言的差异，提高学生英语表达的准确性。
结语。
毕业论文写作是一个极其艰辛的实施过程，改进和加强开放教育学员毕业论文写作的措施也有待于进一步探索。综上所述，只要指导教师能帮助学生端正论文写作态度，明确写作的目的，建立积极的撰写心态，同时合理地指导学生选题，安排论文撰写时间，那么我们有理由相信在师生共同的努力下，开放教育本科英语阶段的论文写作的质量一定能得到大的提高，电大开放教育培养"实用性、应用性"人才的办学宗旨，也一定能得以体现。
篇7
英语专业本科毕业论文作为判断学生是否能够毕业的条件，旨在全面衡量学生的综合语言应用能力以及分析、研究和解决问题的能力。[1]因此， 英专本科毕业论文的评判标准包括语言表达能力的高低和是否具备独立的见解、创新的意识。通过撰写毕业论文，学生不仅展示自己的语言表达能力、专业知识水平，更重要的是了解学术研究方法，培养初步的学术研究能力，对未来的工作和学习是有重要价值和意义的。因此，在教育部的本科教学评估中，毕业论文是重要的考察指标，一定程度上反映了该专业本科教学的质量。
从毕业论文的写作中我们不仅可以清楚学生的语言表达能力，更能把握学生的分析能力、论述能力和解决问题的思维能力，综合概括之即思辨能力。近年来，英语专业学生思辨缺席的问题已成为英语教育专家们关注的焦点问题之一。对外语专业学生思辨能力的批评之声在高等教育界此起彼伏。本文管窥英语专业毕业论文中思辨缺席的问题，并从一直以来的传统的外语教育模式上寻找原因，提出相应的教学对策，分析提高英语专业学生毕业论文写作思辨能力的教学途径。
二、英语专业本科生毕业论文思辨缺席现象
毕业论文的质量问题暴露了英语专业学生的思辨缺席现象严重，有研究者指出英语专业学生毕业论文的主要问题包括态度不够端正、学术研究能力较低、语言表达能力欠佳。我国的英语专业本科生阶段缺乏学术研究氛围、缺乏足够的学术指导、缺乏足够的论文写作训练。[2]就毕业论文的思辨缺席问题而言，主要存在以下问题：（一）部分学生论文的论点毫无新意，论文只是在重复他人的结论，并且选题陈旧；（二）论文泛泛而谈，没有运用、分析、评价和创造等思维的创新；（三）有的论文题目大而空，完全是缺乏思辨的介绍性文章；（四）论文本身只是简单的拼凑和堆砌材料，少有论述和辨析，没有运用分析、综合和判断，因此结构松散、论证乏力；（五）在遇到需要探究、分析以及阐述某些现象的根本原因时，不能找出事件背后的本质和主要矛盾，往往思维混乱，只是浅显的指出表面能看到的东西。
三、英语专业本科生毕业论文思辨缺席成因
这样的结果将会是培养出在未来没有创新能力也不可能有创造性成果的英语专业学生和教师，这一定程度上说明了现在英语专业教师抱怨论文难写以及缺乏论辩能力的原因。毕业论文的思辨缺席问题充分的暴露出英语专业教学的薄弱环节及存在的各种问题。长期以来，英语专业教学以追求专四和专八通过率为导向，重视全面培养语言技能，在教学过程中学生重视语言的模仿和记忆，忽视分析和思辨训练，教师也忽略了对学生逻辑思维和分析判断能力的培养和训练。由此，学生缺乏发现问题、提出问题和解决问题的能力。
虽然高校多开设了学术英语写作指导课程，但该课程无论是课时还是教师指导的学术训练都严重不足，课程教学效果甚微。在英语专业整个课程体系中，学术英语写作和专业写作课程的设置，其教学资源的投入与毕业论文的权重形成极大反差，学生在实际的撰写阶段仍对论文写作认知和实践知识一片空白，加之毕业论文指导教师指导的不理想，学生在大四阶段求职升学等事情的诸多干扰造成论文难写、不会写现象普遍。
四、针对毕业论文思辨缺席问题的对策
针对以上问题，为达到“以写促思”、“以思促研”的多种能力建构的培养目标，有必要对英语专业大二到大四的学生进行学术论文写作训练，包括以下三个部分：
第一，在整个英语专业课程学习中因势利导的对学生进行学术熏陶，唤醒学生的学术意识，树立坚定的学术信念。教师还应鼓励学生多渠道的拓展学术视野，养成良好的阅读习惯，学会多视角的观察事情并具备发现问题的能力，为大四的毕业论文写作获得写作灵感而做好前期的准备。
第二，教师应不断提高自身的学术研究能力，教师间广泛交流学习掌握前言学术动态，在教学中向学生传授学科基本研究方法、论文写作知识、学术研究特点、写作一般步骤，论文基本篇章结构，并结合具体范例讲解写作策略和技巧。根据学生现有的和临界的能力对论文主题选择、写作质量、论文长度等提出循序渐进的要求。学生每学期完成1-2篇论文，并在论文完成后以书面形式对写作过程和研究结果进行反思。
第三，教师应就论文写作与学生保持密切的交流和联系，并对写作过程进行细致管理。在论文写作前，教师首先介绍有关的研究理论和发展动向，帮助学生选题，指导学生从网络和图书中获取信息并有效的提取和分析资料。然后安排学生异质分组交流讨论，就主题的研究提纲、框架等展开集体的思辨。
总之，为了切实改变当前英语专业本科毕业论文的现状，提高毕业论文的质量，教师应认真反思课程教学，强化毕业论文的过程管理，在培养学生语言技能的同时培养其思辨能力和科研能力。
[参考文献]
篇8
一、高校英语专业毕业论文困境分析
本科生毕业论文写作是训练和培养本科生科研素质的重要教学实践环节。然而，当前我国许多高校英语专业毕业论文写作存在抄袭现象严重、同质化现象普遍、写作不规范、选题陈旧、立意不清、质量低下等诸多问题。笔者通过广泛地调研和多年的毕业论文指导教学经验，总结出造成毕业论文工作问题重重的原因主要包括以下三个方面：（1）高校本科生毕业论文工作一般都安排在大三下至大四毕业的三个学期开展，学生撰写毕业论文的时间正是用人单位招聘和学生复习考研的高峰期。大多数学生由于不得不投入大量精力用于找工作和复习备考，因此客观上造成他们没有太多精力去顾及毕业论文的选题和写作，对毕业论文质量的重视程度不够。（2）许多高校鲜有专门针对本科生科研素质培养以及指导学生写作专业论文的课程。本科生在进行毕业论文写作时，由于没有经过专业素养的培训和练习，从而缺乏必要的文献检索能力和学术规范意识，在一定程度上也影响了毕业论文质量的提高。（3）学生和毕业论文指导老师的初次接触大多始于大三下学期的毕业论文选题阶段，彼此间在还不够深入、全面了解的情况下就直接进入了论文选题和撰写环节，缺乏了必要的磨合和适应环节，也为后期指导过程中教师无法高效并因材施教地给学生提供论文写作指导埋下隐患。
毕业论文写作教学的重要性和毕业论文现状的不近人意两者间日渐彰显的矛盾张力凸显了当前急需改进英语专业本科毕业论文指导工作的紧迫性。本文倡导将本科生导师制引入至英语专业本科生毕业论文指导当中，让本科生导师兼任论文指导教师的职责，以期为解决当前国内高校英语专业毕业论文指导中的教学困境、提高论文指导成效和提升学生综合科研素质寻找出路。
二、本科生导师制与英专毕业论文指导研究概述
导师制是书院教育的精髓，其核心理念是因材施教和个性化培养，一直以来都是欧美诸多一流大学培养学生的重要教育形式。导师制最早源于14世纪英国牛津大学，被誉为“牛津皇冠上的宝石”。本科生导师制指在本科教育阶段引入导师制，聘请有经验的专业教师在大学四年的教学过程中对学生进行思想引导、专业辅导和心理疏导，从而促使教学与教育结合、教育与管理挂钩，实现教书和育人的有机结合。本科生导师制以促进“人的全面发展”为核心理念，遵循“因材施教”的教育规律，将单纯的教学活动提升到教育的高度，这是开展素质教育的新途径。在本科生导师制的实施过程中，导师需对学生实施教学和思想的教导、学习方法与技巧的引导，并对学生的疑问提供解答。我国自20世纪90年代开始在高等教育本科教学阶段逐渐引入本科生导师制。当时以北京大学、浙江大学为代表的一大批高校曾在部分院系中尝试本科生导师制并由此掀起研究热潮。但是随后由于高校扩招和师生比的不断攀升，本科生导师制渐渐陷入困境，与此相关的研究也停滞不前。笔者通过中国知网在线搜索发现，国内人文科学类别下以“本科生导师制”为主题的学术论文始自2004年至今总数仅16篇。这些研究多是对本科生导师制内涵、推广意义和实施措施的理论性讨论（孟宪军，2004;靖国安，2005;姜晖，2011;周志高，2012），教学实践性研究还十分欠缺。
关于英语专业毕业论文指导的研究现状，目前国内相关文献不仅数量较缺乏，而且该领域研究还存在研究内容比较分散、研究方法较为单一的问题。通过梳理和查阅中国知网、万方、维普等数据库，我们发现现有英语专业毕业论文方面的文献内容涉及的有：关于指导对策（王秋华，2002）、写作方法（翟忠和，2000;宋飞，2001;尤肖南，2004）和引文规范的（钟伟珍、黄国文，1999;刘新民，2001），有针对管理、评估或写作教学具体环节作较深入论述的（李家云，1999;余曼筠，2001;黄小苹，2002;李萍，2003），还有调查现状的研究报告（穆凤英，2001;王崇义，2004;杨宇红，2009;张春芳，2011）。然而针对毕业论文指导的教学环节探究却很少。其中从本科生导师制视角探究毕业论文指导的研究论文更是凤毛麟角，仅2篇（刘洪泉，2005;王娟，2007）。正是在这样的.研究背景下，我们试图在本文中通过教学实践的方式探究本科生导师制在本科生毕业论文指导环节中的应用价值。
三、本科生导师介入下的英专毕业论文指导模式探究
1.模式设计和内容。本科生导师制作p为辅导员和专业课任课教师工作的延伸和拓展，重视师生间的人际互动，体现出对学生的人文关怀，注重挖掘学生独立性和创造性的教育理念，注重对学生实施“个性化培养”，是培养复合型人才的有效途径。在本科生四年的大学生涯里，导师通过跟踪式的指导方式对学生进行学业、生活和思想等方面的引导，密切了教与学之间的关系，体现了对大学生全面发展和终身学习的极大关怀。将本科生导师制融入到英语专业毕业论文指导中，让本科生导师兼任论文指导教师的职责，使得对学生毕业论文的写作指导成为本科生导师四年导师生涯中的一个自然终结环节，对提高论文指导成效和提升学生综合素质有极为重要的实践应用价值。在具体的教学模式实施环节里，我们拟通过本科生导师介入式的英专毕业论文指导实践达到如下教学目标：（1）唤醒学生对毕业论文写作的元认知意识，激发其论文写作的主观能动性;（2）根据学生特长、知识面和发展需求，引导学生将论文选题和自身职业发展相结合，增强其创新意识和自主学习能力;（3）通过分步骤、有侧重的教学实践，加深师生间的交流和互动，保障学生毕业论文写作时间和提高论文的总体质量;（4）通过个性化指导，锻炼和提高学生的学术规范性、创新意识和思辨能力。
2.模式的教学价值。现有本科英语专业毕业论文指导因教学和实践时间过短、学生对科学研究认知不足、论文指导教师和学生间了解不够等诸多弊病的影响，存在优质论文“难产”、学生科研动手能力和创新思辨能力难以得到实质性提高等问题。上述本科生导师参与毕业论文指导的应用模式可为解决上述教学问题提供实践策略，具体表现在以下四个方面：（1）导师能创造机会让学生提早体验科研实践和毕业论文写作，增强其对学术研究的认知并为其毕业论文的写作争取更多的实践时间;（2）导师和学生间的人际互动，保障了导师对学生的全面了解和论文指导的针对性;（3）导师采用个性化培养方式，引导学生将毕业论文选题和其今后职业发展相结合，可增强其创业创新意识和自主学习能力;（4）导师分步骤、有侧重地因材施教，可在保障学生论文质量的同时，加强其学术规范性，提高其创新思维和科研实践能力。进一步概括即为，英语专业学生在本科学习阶段，毕业论文的撰写采用本科生导师制兼任论文指导教师的思路，这是缓解当前毕业论文质量普遍偏低、学生学术意识不强、论文指导教学效率不高等教学瓶颈问题的一剂良药。
四、结语
本科生导师兼任毕业论文指导教学工作可优化师资配置，在保证对学生实行个性化指导提高其论文写作质量的同时，还能因材施教地提升学生的科研素养及他们的创新和思辨能力。笔者认为本科生导师制是近年来高校教书育人工作正在探索实践的一项制度创新，将其应用于英语专业高年级毕业论文教学研究还处于尝试和建构阶段，亟待教学实践的检验和完善。笔者也希望后续能有更多的项目采用问卷调查、教学实践等多元研究方法，运用定性和定量数据，对本科生导师制在毕业论文教学中的应用效果展开综合性研究，推动本领域实践性研究的进一步发展。
参考文献：
[1]姜晖，孙永君.高校英语专业导师制模式构建与探究[J].长春大学学报，2011，（12）：155-157.
[2]孟宪军.关于实施本科生导师制之理论探究[J].黑龙江高教研究，2004，（3）：68-70.
[3]穆凤英.英语专业本科生毕业论文的调查与思考[J].徐州师范大学学报，2001，（4）：138-142.
[4]孙文抗.英语专业学士论文写作现状分析[J].外语界，2004，（3）：59-64.
篇9
Chinese grammar system, in one sense, is basically an imitation of western grammar systems. But when we put into pratice , many Chinese grammarians have found that the rules of the westernized languages do not hold water. Therefore, many disputes and controversies have arisen,especially the differences of Topics and Subjects in English and Chinese . It is necessary to combine the traditional research on Chinese grammar with the contemporary western theory of grammar, so that it can help our Chinese grammar research joint the mainstream of Linguistics worldwide and bring the two way together---try to find the universal grammar. We believe that, the process in conformity is not always Smooth and pleasant, but the results are supposed to benefit China and the world finally .
III. Literature Review
Subject and topic as two basic concepts in modern Linguistics , their relationship is considered as the crucial research project and heated topic in Linguistics.
1, Subject is originated form the western grammar systems . In general linguistics , many scholars are trying to give a current concept to subject . According to the research on all kinds of languages around the world , Keenan(1976) summerized the grammatical,semantic and textual features that subject has . The following are conclusion Trask(1993:266) made from all kinds of documents including Keenan(1976) (参见石毓智，2019):
Subject is the noun phrase that probably has the most prominent feature in syntactic relation in sentence. Subject has all kinds of features in grammar, syntatics and text , mainly consisting of:
1 Subject represents independent substance;
2 Subject restricts the co-reference in sentence, including pronoun, reflexive pronoun and null anaphor;
3 Subject restricts the agreement in verbs;
4 Subject is the topic with no mark;
5 Subject can be questioned by interrogative pronoun,and also can be focused.
6 Subject is usually lack of morphological markers.
7 Subject is ususlly considered as the actor of unmarked structure.
His conclusion may be more suitable to describe the characters of western languages . Concerning Chinese, part of the descrition fail to reflect the linguistic fact in Chinese. For example, Trask thought that subject is the topic with no mark . He neglected of pragmatic feature of topic . Because we can’t confirm whether the subject is equal to the topic in a single sentence. And he also thought that subject is ususlly considered as the actor of unmarked structure, which is not accord to the fact in our Chinese .As in Chinese , not only actor, but also patient, instrument, timing and location can act as subject in sentence.
2 , In 2019, Shi Yuzhi tried to conclude about the subject ’s characteristers in form in Chinese. His conclusion is as followed :
The form of the subject can be placed both in subordinate clause and sentence.
Subject can be focused.
Subject can be questioned by interrogative pronoun.
And its semantic characters are :
Subject is the actor of behavior act.
Subject is the main body of nature and state.
Shi thought that the main difference butween subject and topic is that subject is the ingredient of grammatical structure while topic belongs to the discourse concept. The former one can be put into sentence and subordinate clause; the latter only can stay in sentence aspect. But his method to distinguish subject to topic seems to be a bit vague.As in Chinese, there is a kind of sentence in unusual order, for example: “书小王看完了”. In Shi’s opinion, that is a topic structure for it can not be placed in a clause. But in fact, it belongs to a classical subject-predicate sentence. “书” is either the subject, or the topic.
3 , Since Zhao Yuanren introduced ‘topoc’ into our grammar study in Chinese , the scholars in Chinese home and abroad keep going with research on topic . Li Na & Thompson are the representatives on this issue. They’ve done a systematic contract to subject and topic. They said that topic means what is about in the sentence while subject is what the verb predicates; topic can not be indefinite and generic but subject can ; topic have to appear at the front of a sentence while subject is allowed to appear in the sentence; there always be a pause between topic with other parts of a sentence.But in Chinese , it is not necessary that the topic appear at the front of a sentence. For example: “老师，这件事让我来处理吧。” In this sentence, “这件事” is the topic ,but it doesn’t appear at the front of a sentence.
4 , It is generally accepted that subject is a concept of syntactic structures while topic belongs to Pragmatics . But Xu Liejiong & Liu Danqing(1998) didn’t . In their thesis, they consider topic as a ingredient of syntactic structures. Just like suject and object , the topic also share a position in a sentence. As an independent ingredient , each of them should has its own position and can not be overlapped. Then, let’s analyze this following sentence “小张不来了。”. “小张” is the subject and topic at the same time. subject and topic have been overlapped, so it doesn’t work to consider topic as an ingredient of syntactic structures.
5 Qu Chengxi(1996), as a specialist of functional grammar, thought that if one only adopt his own theory when he is doing research on Chinese grammal , he will always feel impractical. We should try to appreciate other’s thinkings or even accept them if available and no conflict arisen. And I think his opinion is quite fit to grammar study on Chinese.
IV. Methods and Materials
Through reading materials from library and the Internet, I’ve acknowledged much about subject and topic in Chinese and English and their differences . Many scholars have defined the subject and topic in many different angles, such as the form, cognition,function and so on. I prefer to study subject and topic from functional grammar than from the others. At the same time , it will be basic on cognition and communication.
V. Discussion
Guided by the literature review, there is a point we should make sure, subject is a concept of syntactic structures while topic belongs to Pragmatics whatever our research goals are and from different angles. At the same time , we have to accept that Chinese is a language that is lack of morphological change and is very difficult to distinguish subject from topic. So when we are doing this kind of research , we should try our best to define it clearly ,especially formally.
VI. Outline of the Paper
1. Introduction
2.Subject and topic in English
2.1Subject in English
2.1.1 Dispute over subject in English
2.1.2 Definition of subject in English
2.1.3 Choice of subject and its semantic role
2.2Topic in English
3. Subject and topic in Chinese
3.1Subject in Chinese
3.1.1Importance of subject to Chinese
3.1.2 Choice of subject and its semantic roles
3.2Topic in Chinese
4. A Comparison between Chinese and English
4.1 Subject in Chinese and English
4.2 Topic in Chinese and English
5. Conclusion
VII. References
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[2]屈(Chu)承熹. 汉语认知功能语法[M].黑龙江: 黑龙江人民出版社，2019:2~5 .
[3]屈(Chu)承熹. 汉语功能语法刍议[J]. 世界汉语教学. 1998,4:28-42
[4]屈(Chu)承熹. 从汉语的焦点与话题看英语中的Y-Movement及其它倒装句[J]. 外语学刊. 1993.3
[5]石(Shi)毓智. 汉语的主语与话题之辨F[J]. 语言研究. 2019, 43(2): 82-91.
篇10
基金项目：本文系常州工学院教学改革研究课题重点项目（项目编号：J120306）的研究成果。
中图分类号：G642.477 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1007-0079（2014）02-0201-02
本科毕业论文是本科教育教学重要的实践性教学环节，是高校实现人才培养目标的重要内容。毕业论文既是对学生在大学期间专业学习的总结深化，也是对高等院校教学质量的综合检验，论文质量不仅反映了学生专业知识的掌握程度、科研思维的养成程度和写作技巧的运用程度，而且折射出学校教育教学的质量和水平。应用型本科院校学生学习注重实践性，较少涉及到学术研究，因此导致毕业论文指导和写作产生一些质量问题，指导老师在指导论文时常常事倍功半，而学生在论文写作时常常无从下手，因此有必要对毕业论文中存在的问题、产生问题的原因进行分析，从而找出提高毕业论文质量的路径，发展和完善教育教学管理方法。
一、调查方案设计
本次调查以无记名问卷调查的方式，调查了常州工学院经济与管理学院2013届毕业生及参与2013届毕业论文指导的相关教学管理与指导的老师。学生的调查问卷共发放397份，有效回收率为93.45%；指导老师的调查问卷共发放70份，有效回收率为77.14%。
二、调查结果与分析
1.对毕业论文意义的认识
关于如何看待毕业论文的撰写这个问题，有21.83%的学生认为没有必要，有78.17%的学生认为有必要，是毕业必须的过程，也是对大学所学知识的总结。说明相当一部分学生根本没有学术研究的兴趣，因此对于论文采取排斥的态度。尽管如此，对于另一个问题“认为自己的论文写作态度如何？”仅有不到5%的学生认为自己是应付过关或极不认真的，其他95%以上的学生认为自己对待论文很认真，所以从主观上来说，大部分学生能认真对待论文。
影响学生写作态度的因素依次是哪些？调查结果显示，排名最前的是就业压力，由于所调查学生中91.91%毕业后去向是工作，面临极大的就业压力，不得不花很多时间跑人才市场，寻找实习单位，希望尽快找到适合的工作，毕业后马上进入心仪的工作岗位。排名第二的是毕业实习和毕业论文完成的时间安排与求职时间冲突，因此导致精力无法集中。指导老师对论文写作的督促也是影响写作态度的重要因素，在论文写作的各个环节被认真指导和严格要求的学生明显能克服惰性或调整安排，认真对待论文写作，论文质量也能得到保证。
2.毕业论文撰写前准备
虽然毕业论文的实际撰写安排在大四学年，但是论文的撰写需要系统的知识积累和写作训练，因此毕业论文撰写前的专业知识储备，是否有相关的写作训练，对科研论文的写作是否有足够的了解等都会影响毕业论文质量。
（1）对“毕业论文写作前是否有专门的学术论文写作培训”的调查结果显示：83.02%的人回答在毕业论文撰写前有安排过论文写作培训。对于这些写作培训，28.03%的学生认为有很大帮助，44.74%的学生认为帮助有限，有10.24%的学生认为此类培训没有任何帮助，有16.98%没有参加过集中培训。培训方式主要是大规模讲座或小范围内指导老师非系统的指导，调查结果显示这样的培训方式并不理想。
（2）对“在撰写毕业论文前的科研情况”调查结果显示：18.6%的学生参与过课题或调研活动，通过交叉分析，主要是市场营销专业的学生做一些市场调研活动或者专业课程中需要进行一些社会调查；仅有1.62%的学生写作且发表了论文，说明在平时的课程学习中很少有学生有意识地培养自己的学术能力。22.37%的学生写作但未，平时在课程学习中，有的课程也会要求撰写小论文，但是大部分小论文的质量都未达到能发表的标准，可见缺乏创新性或实践性。一半以上的学生认为自己没有写作过学术论文，可能是因为平时课程中并没有要求写小论文，或者要求写小论文时并非自己认真查资料、认真思考后写成，极有可能是东拼西凑而成。
（3）对“论文写作过程和要求是否了解”的调查结果显示：66.85%的学生清楚了解写作的过程，33.15%的学生并不清楚具体写作流程，只是跟着指导老师的要求完成相关的内容。对于论文写作的详细要求有2.16%的学生表示不清楚，58.49%的学生表示基本清楚，仅有39.35%的学生表示非常清楚写作要求。学生对写作要求、评价标准不熟悉，就很难确立一个适当且明确的目标，对写作流程不熟悉，也很难制定好适合自己的写作计划，这些都不利于论文质量的提高。
3.对选题的调查
毕业论文是由选题、学生撰写与教师指导交互的过程管理、答辩等诸多环节所构成的综合性实践教学，其中选题是首要的关键环节。
（1）论文选题来源调查结果显示：59.57%的论文选题是学生自己感兴趣的课题。第二大来源是指导老师指定一个选题。有部分学生在写作中期会出现选题无法完成的情况，而这些选题往往是指导老师指定或是学生不熟悉的热点问题，学生自主选题的效果比较好。究其原因，研究是一个艰难且枯燥的过程，研究工作的进行往往以研究者极大的求知欲及对所研究问题的极大兴趣为持续的支持力和驱动力。在进行毕业论文选题时，充分发挥自己的主观能动性，将自己所要从事的研究课题与长期以来经过学习与思考并发生兴趣的问题联系起来，不仅可以使学生持续地获得支持力，而且也可以提高学生自己进行毕业论文研究的责任感，因为自己的选择本身就是一种承诺。所以学生在平时的课程学习中选定某个研究方向，对某些专业问题能有所思考，在撰写毕业论文时集中精力研究某个专业问题，能有效提高毕业论文质量。
（2）对论文选题类型的调查结果显示：371名被调查者中有88人选题类型是调查研究类的，占到总数的23.72%。比重为10%以上的其他选题类型依次是案例分析、理论研究、文献综述和理论应用。
4.对资料收集的调查
一般本科毕业论文在选题确定之后，开始进入资料收集阶段。资料主要分为文献资料和数据资料，资料来源主要有社会或市场调查、生产实践、次级数据库。调查结果显示，文献资料主要是通过学校图书馆、专业书籍、网络资源（如知网、百度文库等）获得。数据资料主要从次级数据库，如统计年鉴、政府或其他部门所公布的专门数据、调查公司所出售的专业数据库等获得。调查显示，在撰写论文的整个过程中，数据资料的收集花费了很多时间，查找文献的途径较少，影响了论文的质量。
5.对论文撰写的调查
（1）对“毕业论文的主要环节按重要性程度由大到小进行排序”的调查结果显示：论文选题是学生认为最重要的环节；其次是构造论文框架，拟定提纲；采集数据，收集文献资料位居第三，研究方法或论证方法位居第四，文献梳理被排在后面，可见学生在论文写作前对相关文献的阅读、思考和理解还偏少，很多人都没有认识到文献的重要性，或者没有办法收集到足够的文献资料，在论文中的文献综述只是能找得到的论文的简单堆砌，并没有对以往相关研究进行概括总结从而提出自己的观点。
（2）对“撰写毕业论文的困难按照综合得分进行排序”的调查结果如表1所示。“专业水平低、基础知识不扎实、最新理论研究不了解”是撰写毕业论文遇到的第一只拦路虎，在排序中位于第一，且远高于位于第二的“资料搜索困难”。由于客观条件的限制，目前学生能使用的专业数据库比较少。从“撰写毕业论文前的准备”的调查中可知，作为应用型本科的学生并没有接受过系统的专业学术论文的指导，也没有相关的专业训练，毕业论文是第一次真正撰写学术论文，因此“写作能力不足的缺陷”成了第三只拦路虎。排序第四的是“缺少指导”，排在前面的三大困难意味着学生的写作能力和经验均不足，几乎是一片空白，需要手把手从头教起，因此需要的指导时间更长，指导内容更详尽。作为本科老师，平时还有繁重的教学和科研任务，导致了时间和精力上的冲突。排在第五的是“写作时间紧张”，虽然下达论文任务是在大四上学期，实际撰写论文的时间大多是大四下学期，而这段时间刚好是考研、考公务员、考职称或证书，跑人才市场、面试、实习等的时间，就业压力压缩了撰写论文的时间。论文选题一般，没有创新性，外文翻译水平不高，无科研经费等也是论文撰写中遇到的困难。
6.对教师指导过程的调查
（1）关于指导老师的指导内容，问卷调查的结果显示指导最多的是审阅论文并批改，371人中有282人选择。其次是帮助选题，有273人认为老师的指导对于自己选题的确定有帮助。位于第三的是论文撰写过程中给予辅导，比重为67.92%。这一调查结果表明教师在指导论文时要加强过程管理，注意增加平时的辅导和管理，而不能只是注重开始的选题和最后论文的修改。
（2）关于指导方式的调查，结果显示有一半以上选择定期集中讨论和指导的方式，频率一周一次的居多，占比为55.53%，两三天见导师一次的占比为19.41%，半个月见导师一次的占比为23.72%，交流时间间隔在半个月以上的仅有1.34%。论文指导主要通过面对面的交流来完成，在见面不方便的情况下，大多选择电话沟通、短信交流、电子邮件和QQ等沟通方式。学生和老师都认为面对面交流的沟通方式更有利于学生阐明问题和老师帮助解决问题。
7.对答辩环节的调查
答辩环节是进一步考查和验证学生对所写论文的认识程度和当场论证论题的能力，因从主观上学生不愿意参加答辩，关于是否希望参加论文答辩这个问题，38.01%的学生回答不希望，但是也有61.99%的学生回答希望参加论文答辩，原因可能跟论文答辩对提高论文质量所起的作用有关。按照学校有关规定，论文答辩中提出的问题需要学生修改完成后才能定稿，而答辩的过程恰好是学生重新思考和论证自己论题的过程，答辩时答辩小组提出的问题是几位老师集思广益之后的结果，对此进行修改可以大大提高论文质量。
三、提高应用型本科毕业论文质量的对策
从问卷调查、深度访谈和日常教学实践中发现，毕业论文并非是个孤立的环节，提高毕业论文质量应当将整个教学过程这个大系统划分成若干个相对独立的子系统，分别建立自己的质量管理体系，确定质量目标，并把构成体系的基本要素（过程）一一区别开来，增强过程之间协调程度，促使各大管理环节有机结合，最大限度实现预期质量目标。毕业论文教学环节就是教学大系统中的一个比较关键的子系统。因此应从系统的角度提出提高毕业论文质量的对策。
从调查中发现，专业水平低、学术论文写作能力差是学生在撰写毕业论文时的最大障碍，也是影响毕业论文质量的重大因素。因此需要以专业特点为基础设立教学目标，以社会和市场变化为导向促进创新，将学生论文写作能力的培养纳入教学计划，以全流程思想为指导建立系统化的毕业论文教学体系，将写作能力的培养分阶段渗透到日常的教学生活中。对同一批学生的培养应成为一个系统工程，既不存在重复阶段，也不提出过高要求，使得学生的论文写作能力能循序渐进、逐步提高。毕业论文正式撰写前期写作能力的培养可以分为六个阶段：选定专业方向，阅读指定文献，做读书笔记，了解学术论文撰写需掌握的要素；结合社会问题和专业研究热点，指定题目，检索相关文献，做读书笔记；指定题目，做文献综述，学习如何从只会简单摘录前人的研究成果转变为站在巨人的肩膀上，提出新的观点，解决新的问题；指定题目，设计文章框架，学会围绕一个主题，重点突出，有理有据地阐明观点，解决问题；指定范文，练习方法，模拟做论文；自定题目，做论文。平时教学中注重毕业论文能力的培养也有助于学生对相关文献和资料的积累，减少毕业论文撰写的时间，同时在毕业论文撰写阶段也能减少对指导老师的依赖。因此，将毕业论文的教学纳入整个教学体系中，统筹管理，能解决大部分论文写作中的困难。
参考文献：
篇11
1.1调查对象
选择2011年9月-2012年4月在4所二级甲等以上医院实习的本科生52人作为调查对象。纳入标准：（1）在医学院校学习医学知识3年或者4年，最后一年在临床实习中需撰写毕业论文的本科生；（2）被调查时正在从事医学院校临床实习；（3）愿意参与本项调查。其中男2人，女50人；年龄22-25（23.2±0.8）岁。专业：护理专业33人，占63.5%，其他专业19人，占36.5%。实习医院等级：三级医院42人，占80.1%，二级医院10人，占19.2%。
1.2方法：采用问卷调查法
1.2.1通过参考有关文献及与本科生座谈资料自行设计问卷。问卷包括四个部分：①本科生的一般资料，包括年龄、性别、专业及实习医院。②学生所属院校在毕业论文撰写方面所做工作、实际效果与学生对学校的期盼。③实习医院对毕业生论文撰写的影响以及实习生对医院的期盼。④学生对撰写论文的认识以及实际撰写论文的能力。问题以单项选择题为主，多选题2题，有专门标注。
1.2.2由调查者向被调查者说明调查的目的，并逐条讲解调查内容，让他们在充分理解后根据自身实际情况自行填写，填写完毕后调查者逐项检查，确认没有遗漏后回收。共发放调查问卷52份，回收52份，有效问卷52份，有效回收率100%。
1.2.3统计学方法
调查所得资料用MicrosoftExcel软件建立数据库，进行统计描述。
2结果与讨论
通过本次调查得知，影响医学院校临床实习本科生毕业论文撰写的因素归纳起来有三个方面：
2.1学校方面本次调查显示：①82.7%的医学院校虽然开设了论文撰写方面的课程，但有63.5%的学生认为院校开设的此类课程少。②在实用性方面，有65.4%的学生认为这些课程对实际论文撰写的帮助不大，只是知道了论文的撰写格式。③只有7.7%的学生掌握了数据资料收集、统计分析方面的知识。因此，学生希望学校做如下改进工作：①学校在优化课程设置的基础上，建议提高教师授课技巧。如在学习统计学课程时，老师应侧重实际应用方面的讲解，教会学生不同的数据资料该用哪种相对应的统计方法？具体意义是什么？②在撰写论文实际需要的能力方面，学校应该加强对学生论文选题的指导，以纠正在以往毕业论文中存在的选题过大、查新不准、设计不够科学等问题[2]。③笔者建议学校安排学生参加论文撰写讲座和模拟演练。
2.2实习医院方面
2.2.1指导老师本次调查表2显示：①86.6%认为医院非常有必要为实习生提供论文指导老师。②80.8%表示需在老师的指导下才能完成毕业论文的撰写，这说明了医院提供论文指导老师对实习生毕业论文撰写的重要性，这与某些文章的见解相一致[3]。
2.2.2实习科室的合理安排调查显示：①73.1%的学生认为进入临床实习初期即要求学生确定论文题目感到迷茫。②82.7%认为医院实习科室的安排对论文定题有影响。笔者认为这可能是学校纯理论性教育与临床实践有一定的差距所致，实习医院可以在统一安排科室轮转的基础上增加一点学生的自主性。比如在接近论文选题那段时间，通过让实习生自主选择感兴趣的科室进行2-4周的专科实习，配合临床论文指导老师的指导，进一步熟悉该专科，了解本专科的国内外发展动态，增加学生毕业论文撰写的兴趣，以明确毕业论文撰写的方向。另外，还可以安排学生参加实习医院举办的论文撰写相关讲座、论文汇报会和科研课题开题报告会等，甚至可以安排学生参加实习医院部分科研工作。
2.3学生个人方面调查显示：①只有26.9%对撰写论文感兴趣。②53.8%觉得撰写论文非常难，30.8%不知道论文的选题，觉得无从下手。③有40.4%的本科生不知道如何进行数据资料的收集与统计分析。笔者建议：学生在大学三年级起可以梳理并确定自己感兴趣的专科，着重了解和掌握该专科的国内外发展动态，以便为最后一年临床实习毕业论文定题做好充分的准备。最后，学生进入临床实习早期就应勤观察、勤思考，理论联系实际，以便早日选好、选对论文题目；并充分利用实习医院现有的资源，例如临床指导老师、医院的图书馆等，要积极主动与论文指导老师沟通、交流，得到老师的指导，使大家不再感到撰写论文是件非常困难的事情。
3小结
通过对52例医学院校临床实习本科生毕业论文撰写影响因素的调查，发现医学院校临床实习本科生在毕业论文撰写上，学校、实习医院、学生个人还有很多工作需要改进，实习医院、学校应该为临床实习本科生毕业论文撰写提供更多的帮助，如实习医院可以允许学生自选专科实习2-4周来完成毕业论文的撰写；学生个人应该以更加积极主动的态度努力提高与撰写论文有关的各种能力，如思维能力、创新意识和科研能力等。
参考文献
篇12
3.提高农学类本科毕业论文质量的主要途径
4.大学本科毕业论文模式探索
5.本科论文教学质量评价指标体系研究
6.从高校本科论文环节浅谈本科评估与教学管理
7.本科毕业论文教学改革的实践与探讨
8.有关本科毕业论文设计问题的思考——以历史学为例
9.英语专业本科论文写作创新性研究
10.本科毕业论文教学改革研究——以工商管理专业为例
11.财经类本科毕业论文形式与选题研究——基于学生能力培养的视角
12.本科论文新教学模式的探索与实践
13.本科论文教学质量评价指标体系研究
14.对艺术类本科论文的几点思考
15.自学考试本科论文预申请管理系统设计
16.护理本科实习生毕业论文回顾分析
17.对会计专业本科毕业论文选题的思考
18.基于本科毕业设计(论文)的导师制运行模式探索
19.联合指导本科毕业论文的动因、困难及出路
20.跨校本科毕业论文指导模式初探
21.高校本科毕业论文学术不端现象平议
22.本科论文的创新性与本科生的创新能力
23.金融学应用本科毕业论文选题的实证研究——以某地方财经高校为例
24.“全过程”本科论文写作中科学素养的培养——以法学专业为例
25.汉语国际教育专业本科论文选题的分析和思考——以南开大学汉语国际教育本科论文选题为例
26.影响本科毕业设计(论文)完成质量因素探讨
27.我国本科毕业论文制度的阐释与建构
28.合理安排时间，提高本科论文质量
29.本科毕业论文(设计)存在的主要问题及几点建议——以钦州学院为例
30.关于图书馆服务职能与本科毕业论文的几点思考
31.二类院校本科毕业论文外审制度利弊及对策浅析——以陕西榆林学院为例
32.中日化工类大学本科毕业论文环节教育方式比较
33.对本科毕业论文工作的几点思考
34.工商管理函授本科毕业论文质量提升路径探析
35.理工类专业本科毕业论文写作现状调查与分析
36.英语本科毕业论文写作的动机研究及其启示
37.略论大数据时代下本科学位论文过程管理网络交互平台的工作机制
38.护理本科毕业生对毕业论文撰写的相关态度和行为调查
39.本科毕业论文选题质量的探索与实践
40.体育专业本科论文写作不应取消而应加强
41.外语专业本科毕业设计(论文)多样化的现实思考
42.以案例分析为创新路径的大学本科毕业论文指导
43.论“本科毕业论文存废之争”对当前地方高校本科毕业论文的影响
44.强化本科毕业论文教学环节的探索与应用
45.高校本科毕业设计(论文)教学质量综合评价研究
46.综合性大学取消本科毕业论文辨析
47.英语专业本科论文写作的交互式教学模式探索
篇13
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